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对话广工教授,AD新药研发为何如此难?

发布时间:2020-04-22      作者:编辑部  
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法国科学院院士、主席,波兰科学院外籍院士,广东工业大学特聘教授Bernard Meunier 讲述他自主研发AD新药的经验和故事。

In this article,we have an in-depth conversation with Professor Meunier about his experience and story in developing new AD drugs, his views and suggestions on innovative drug development in Guangdong, and how foreign experts can better participate in China's biomedical innovation process.

《科技与金融》高端访谈栏目将连续多期对多位高层次外国专家进行专访,为产业的技术升级、产业转型把脉献策,探讨产业发展及国际合作等方面的机遇和挑战,为读者带来国际合作的经验借鉴与启发。

随着世界上许多国家步入老龄化社会,阿尔茨海默病(以下简称“AD”)的发病率逐渐增加。AD常发于老年人群,是一种慢性神经退行性疾病,其临床表现为记忆力衰退、判断力和理解力下降等症状,病因迄今未明。

目前,用于治疗AD的传统药物疗效非常有限,开发有效的AD治疗药物从根本上终止疾病的进程是当今国际医药领域急需突破的领域之一。

2012年,Bernard Meunier被评为广东省第三批领军人才,受聘为广东工业大学特聘教授,在该校建立了“Bernard Meunier现代有机合成及新药研发实验室”,主要进行抗AD新药设计开发。

Meunier是法国科学院院士及波兰科学院外籍院士,并于2015-2016年担任法国科学院院长。他在药物化学和生物无机领域取得了许多重要的科研成果,获得32项发明专利,发表论文400余篇,曾获得法国荣誉军团骑士勋章(2006)、荷兰皇家科学院笛卡尔-惠更斯奖励(2001)等多项大奖。

本期《科技与金融》与Meunier教授进行了深度对话,讲述AD新药研发的经验和故事,以及对我国创新药物研发的看法和建议,并探讨外国专家如何更好地参与中国的生物医药创新过程。

本文首发于《科技与金融》 2020 年4月刊

采访丨李莹亮 编译丨张孟月

图|闫雪莹 责任编辑|苏莉娜

Q:《科技与金融》记者

A: Bernard Meunier 教授

After coming to China

来到中国

Q:You have been worked in Europe and have won many prizes in France and Holland. Why did you decide to come to China? 
Q:您以前一直在欧洲工作,在法国、荷兰获得过许多荣誉,请问您为什么决定来中国?中国有什么地方吸引您?

A: I retired in 2012 at the age of 65, and I didn't want to retire so early. At that time, the team of Guangdong University of Technology contacted my team in Toulouse, hoping that I could join in the research and development of ad-related drugs. Therefore, I came to China through the introduction program of foreign experts in Guangdong Province to continue my scientific research.
A:我在2012年退休,当时我才65岁,还不想这么早退休。恰好当时,广东工业大学的团队与我在图卢兹的团队接触,希望我能加入,研发AD相关的药物,我便通过广东省的高端外国专家引进计划来到中国,继续科研事业。

I visited China 30 years ago and came back in 2012, which made me see the earth-shaking changes that have taken place in China. Take the subway lines for example, the network of Guangzhou Metro is expanding as fast as the city. In France, however, the city of Toulouse, where I live, only has three metro lines for several years. China is a fast developing economy where people are very proactive and everything is going well. I am optimistic about China's future development.
我曾经在30年前来中国旅游,2012年再次到来,让我看到了中国发生的翻天覆地的变化,以地铁线为例,广州的地铁线网络扩张得很快,和城市的发展一样迅速。然而在法国,我所居住的图卢兹市,好几年了仍然只有3条地铁线路。中国是一个快速发展的经济体,这里人都很积极主动,所有事情都在往好的方向发展,我看好中国的未来发展。

Q: You have a positive attitude towards science and life. In your opinion, what’s the biggest difference between working in France and working in China?
Q:您对科学和生活都秉持积极的态度,您认为在法国工作和在中国工作的最大不同是什么?

A: In western countries, people always feel that everything is ok, and they don’t need to worry about the future. This is not a positive attitude. However, to people like me who are engaged in scientific research, I like challenges, either to challenge myself or to be challenged by others. I think it's better to ‘retire’ once you stop challenging yourself and having new ideas.
A:在西方国家,人们总觉得一切都好,过得去就行了,不需要担心未来,这不是一种积极的态度。然而对我这类从事科研的人而言,我喜欢挑战,要么挑战自我,要么被他人挑战。我觉得一旦停止挑战,停止产生新想法,就是真正的“退休”了。

Working in China is a challenge. China is a rapidly developing society that attaches great importance to science and has many innovative scientific and technological achievements. My colleagues are very enthusiastic about scientific research, and the young students are also studious and diligent and like to study scientific knowledge. If a country is interested in science and technology, then there will be good universities, good research institutions, and everything will go in the right direction.
在中国工作是充满挑战的。中国是一个快速发展的社会,对科学非常重视,也有很多创新的科技成果。我的同事们都十分热心于科学研究,年轻的学生们同样好学而勤奋,喜欢钻研科学知识。如果一个国家对科技很有兴趣,那么就会有好的大学、研究机构,产学研相结合,一切都会朝着好的方向发展。

Q: What are the biggest challenges of working in China?
Q:您认为在中国工作最大的挑战是什么?


A: I like Chinese food very much, so it's not a problem to adapt to life here. For me, the challenge is not living in China, but doing science. The only inconvenience is that I can’t speak Chinese and I can only communicate with people who understood English, which means I can't talk to many Chinese people. But in an academic field like college, many people write articles and give presentations in English, so I don’t encounter many obstacles. However, when I leave campus and go to places like supermarkets or restaurants, I try to communicate with others. Chinese people are very friendly. When I explain to them that I don't understand Chinese, if they don't know English, they will try to get help from people around them who understand English. My wife always comes to China with me. She often goes around Guangzhou by herself without any problems. Guangzhou is a safe and friendly city.


A:我很喜欢中国的食物,所以适应这里的生活并不成问题。对我而言,挑战并不是是否住在中国,而是研究科学。唯一有点不方便的是我不会说中文,只能和听得懂英文的人交流。这就意味着我没办法和许多中国人对话。但在大学这种学术领域,很多人用英文写文章、做报告,所以我并没有遇到太多阻碍。然而,当我离开校园,来到超市或餐馆等场所,就要尝试与其他人交流。中国人都很友善。当我向他们说明我不懂中文时,如果他们不懂英语,会尝试向周围说英文的人求助。我的妻子常常和我一起来中国,她经常一个人在广州逛,没有遇到任何问题。广州是一座安全、友好的城市。

研究进展

Q:您能和我们解释一下什么是阿尔茨海默病(AD)吗,它与老年痴呆有什么关系和区别?
A:阿尔茨海默病是一种起病隐匿的进行性发展的神经系统退行性疾病,临床上以记忆障碍、失语、失用、失认、视空间技能损害、执行功能障碍以及人格和行为改变等全面性痴呆表现为特征,病因迄今未明。

有很多人会把阿尔茨海默病和老年痴呆症混淆,因为它们有相似的症状,让人难以判断患者是否是痴呆。阿尔茨海默病与衰老相关,95%以上与遗传不相关。

Q:我们知道,您在中国研发对抗AD的新疗法。请问您的团队目前研究进展如何?
A:药物研发往往需要15年甚至更长的时间。目前,我们设计开发的新药物正处于临床前阶段。

药物研发是复杂的,在用于人体之前,必须证明药物是有效的、安全无毒的,这是药物研发的关键。

我不讨论所有的细节,但我可以试着告诉你开发新药物分子的原理和过程:

目前,我们已经设计合成了系列小分子化合物,并从中筛选得到选择性和活性较好的先导化合物,对这些小分子先导化合物进行深入的活性研究以及基于构效关系的结构改造,以期将这类小分子药物推行临床研究。

在这个过程中,我们需要研究药物的毒性,药物的代谢,而且必须在动物模型上证明药物分子的有效性和安全性。

AD的新药开发极具挑战性,原因之一是亟需合适的AD动物模型。过去15年的AD药物研发领域的惨败,使转基因鼠模型备受质疑,亟需更好的模型来帮助药物开发。

我们目前使用的是非转基因鼠的模型(模拟AD发病的早期阶段),动物体内实验评价大概还要花1年时间,随后的阶段“临床前的研究”可能要2~3年时间,完成临床前研究,才能进入临床,如果一切顺利的话,大约还需要4~5年的研发时间。

一般来说,进行药物研发,在药物进入市场前,大概需要8~10年的研发时间。现在也许需要10年或12年之久,这取决于药物是否被接受进入临床试验阶段,而且必须通过食品药品监督管理局的审批流程。如果每一步都获得“绿灯”,可能会加速研发进程,但最快也需要6~7年时间。

总之,药物的研发是一个很漫长的过程。现在,我们有自己的药物设计、合成、活性评价团队,而且我们与深圳大学就AD药物开发课题有紧密的合作。

我们前期的研究结果已获中国专利授权,现正通过PCT(专利合作条约,Patent Cooperation Treaty,简称PCT) 扩展到美国、加拿大、欧洲、日本,我们希望在不久的将来能够获得美国、加拿大、欧洲、日本四地的专利。

Q:自AD被发现以来,其药物研发一直进展缓慢,是什么原因呢?
A:AD患者的大脑因失去神经元而严重萎缩,要知道死亡的神经元是不可逆转的,我们需要能够在AD发病早期阻止病情进展和恶化的药物,这极具挑战。人们现在还不知道AD患者患病的外部原因,因为衰老是一个复杂的过程,涉及到大脑和身体的许多变化。

举个例子:在研发抗生素方面,我们有可靠的动物模型,如果想要开发一种新的抗生素,可以在老鼠身上做实验。但是,在研发抗AD药物方面,目前还没有可靠的模型,因为人的衰老过程与遗传没有关系,转基因的AD鼠模型不能体现衰老的过程,有它的局限性,这也是为什么AD药物开发一直是药物研发领域的重灾区,许多实验室、学校、公司等都在进行研究,很多都失败了。但作为研究者,继续坚持这个领域的研究是我们的工作和责任。

Q:请问您研发的新药是以什么样的机制来帮助AD患者的?
A:AD的典型神经病理改变是患者大脑皮质出现Aβ沉淀、老年斑和神经元纤维缠结。

研究证实,AD患者脑内老年斑块中心及周围金属离子的水平明显高于正常生理水平,尤其是铜离子的含量。

我希望通过调节AD患者脑内紊乱的金属离子,开发可口服的小分子药物造福中国和世界的患者。

AD是一种复杂的疾病,我认为难以通过“单一靶点,单一药物”的思路解决AD问题,不同的药物分子都有不同的作用机制,可能会对AD疾病的某一方面起作用。

Q:请问您能评估您的新药物能发挥多大效力吗?

A:我们目前研发的药物已经完成了体外活性和安全性评价,现在正在进行体内活性和安全性评价。在这个过程中,我们开发了不同于转基因AD鼠模型的全新的动物模型以模拟AD的发病初期。

目前的研究结果表明,我们的小分子化合物能够有效地逆转AD记忆损伤,且具有较高的安全性,我们希望将其推向临床研究。当然,新药物能够发挥多大效力还要靠临床数据来说话。我对我们的药物非常有信心。

Offer advice and suggestions
建言献策

Q:What do you know about the status and level of new drug research and development in Guangdong and China? Do you have any comments or Suggestions?
Q:您所了解的广东乃至中国的创新药物研发的现状和水平是怎样的?您有怎样的看法和建议? 


A:I don't know much about Chinese medicine. In the process of development of human society, each country has developed unique medicines based on natural products. I know one of the successful examples of China: the discovery of artemisinin. Professor Tu Youyou extracted artemisinin from artemisia annua and developed the best drug to treat malaria in the world. China has great potential in the development of new drugs, which requires international cooperation and the participation of experts from different countries.
A: 我对中国的药物情况没有研究,知道得不多。人类在发展过程中,每个国家基于天然产物都研发了独特的药物。我知道在中国有个非常成功的例子:青蒿素的发现。屠呦呦教授从青蒿中提取了青蒿素,研发出世界上治疗疟疾最好的药物。中国在新药研发中极具潜力,新药研发需要国际化的合作,也需要各国专家参与。

In the past, China preferred to import or produce generic medicines compared to developing medicines,, but now China is increasingly involved in international drug development, which I call the "internationalization of pharmaceutical science". Developing new drugs and treating diseases is one of the missions of scientists, and the government should actively promote the participation of Chinese scientists in the research and development of new drugs.
在过去,相比研发药物,中国更多采用进口药物或仿制药,然而现在中国越来越多地参与到国际药物研发中,我将之称为“药物科学的国际化”,开发新药物、治疗重大疾病,是科学家的使命之一,政府应该积极推动中国科学家参与到新药物的研发中。

Q: How can foreign experts like you attend the process of China's biomedical innovation better?
Q:您认为,像您这样的外国专家如何能更好地参与到中国的生物医药创新中呢?

A: China is developing rapidly in drug research, and it’s playing an increasingly important role in the world. The participation of excellent foreign experts can promote the development of new drugs in China. Drug research is not a task that can be carried out behind closed doors. Researchers must communicate with the outside world more and keep abreast of the latest research results and scientific research information, which reflects the importance of international exchanges. In addition, I would like to emphasize that AD is an international disease with patients all over the world. Therefore, international communication and cooperation are essential for the development of new drugs to treat disease.
A:中国的药物研发发展很快,在国际上越来越占有重要地位,优秀外国专家的参与能够凭借他们的研发经验和专业知识推进中国新药研发的进程。药物研发不是一项闭门造车就能开展的工作,研发人员必须多与外界交流,及时了解外界最新的研究成果、科研资讯等,这就体现出国际交流的重要性。此外,我需要强调的是,AD是一种国际性的疾病,世界各地都有患者,因此想要研发治疗该疾病的新药物,国际间的交流与合作是必不可少的。

Taking me s an example, I can feel that the Chinese government has invested a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources to optimize the scientific research environment and improve scientific research. When I came to Guangdong University of Technology, I reported to the university that I needed some experimental facilities, and it was not long before the equipment was in place. The school leaders provided me with a lot of help, both in the research facilities and in my daily life.
以我个人为例,我能感受到中国政府部门投入了很多人力、物力、财力优化科研环境,强化科研力量。当我来到广东工业大学时,我向大学报告需要一些实验设备,没过多久设备就到位了。学校领导为我提供了很多帮助,无论是在研究设施方面还是日常生活中。

Q: You mentioned that the government and universities have given a lot of help to experts. Besides, what other suggestions can you offer for the government to serve foreign talents better?
Q:您提到,政府和大学给予了专家人才很多帮助。除此之外,您能为政府更好地服务外国人才提供其他建议吗?

A: Some of the big pharmaceutical companies in China are mainly engaged in drug sales. In my opinion, they should have more social responsibilities and be more involved in drug research. At present, Chinese universities attach great importance to and actively promote "industry-university-research" cooperation, and the association between academia and industry.
A:中国有些大的制药公司却主要在做药品销售,在我看来,他们应该有更多的社会担当,更多地参与到药物研发中来。目前,中国的大学非常重视并积极促进“产学研”合作,促进学界和业界的联合。

For example, the company that sells the phone also promotes iteration. Twenty years ago, not everyone had a cell phone,but now everyone has at least one. This is a realization of research done by many companies that sold mobile phones years ago. When selling mobile phones, the staff needs to calculate the corresponding profit and set the price, which is a business. In the production of mobile phones, workers have to deal with thousands of different parameters, which is a research. According to the sales volume of mobile phones, the company improves the mobile phones to promote the sales of mobile phones, forming a beneficial circle.
举个例子,销售手机的公司也促进了手机的更新迭代。二十年前,不是每个人都有手机,而现在,每个人都至少有一部手机。这是多年前许多销售手机的公司研究成果的变现。在销售手机时,工作人员需要计算出相应的利润,设定定价,这是一门生意;而在生产手机的时候,工作人员需要处理成千上万个不同的参数,这是一项研究。公司根据手机的销量,对手机进行改进,促进手机的销售,形成一种良性的循环。

Q: The mission of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is to establish an international technology innovation center. What do you think of the Greater Bay Area?
Q:大湾区的使命是建立一个国际化的技术创新中心,您怎么看待大湾区?

A: First of all, Guangdong has always been one of the provinces with a high level of internationalization. Guangdong's superior location, the Pearl River basin, Guangzhou、Shenzhen and other big cities, as well as the developed transportation network, have brought advantages in international trades. Second, when there are good basic conditions, how to attract talents is a test for the local authority.
A:首先,广东一直以来都是国际化水平较高的省份之一。广东地理位置优越,有珠江流域,有广州、深圳这样的大城市,还有发达的交通网络,都为广东在国际贸易中带来了优势。其次,当有了好的基础条件后,如何吸引优秀的人才,这很考验当地执政者的智慧。

In my opinion, if you create convenient living conditions for talents, it will greatly stimulate their creativity. For instance, the mobile phone, computer, Internet and other technologies have improved working efficiency. Conversely, if you make their lives more complicated, you will destroy creativity.
在我看来,如果你为人才创造了便利的生活条件,就会大大激发他们的创造力,比如现在的手机、电脑、互联网等各种技术提升了工作效率。反之,如果你让他们的生活变得更复杂,那么你就破坏了创造力。

I think rules should be made to make life easier, not to be a "stumbling block" to creativity. Take me as an example, the school gives me funds for scientific research, but if you ask me how to use the funds in two years, it will be difficult to answer, because it is not easy to evaluate the progress of the project. If my administrative system is set up very complex, it won’t be convenient for my research. I also explained to the principal of the university, and he agreed with me. I should say thank you to the university for the convenience provided, so that I could concentrate on my research work.
我认为,规则应该是为了方便生活制定的,而不该成为阻碍创造力的“绊脚石”。以我个人为例,学校给我一笔经费做科研,但如果问我在两年如何具体使用这笔经费,我很难回答,因为不好评估课题的进展,如果将我的行政系统设置得很复杂,将不利于研究工作的开展。我也和学校的校长解释过了,他同意我的看法,感谢校方为我提供的便利,让我能够专心于科研工作。

Q: Here comes to the last question, do you have any future plans?
Q:最后一个问题,您下一步有什么计划吗?

A: First of all, my first wish is to push the drugs into clinical trials. Second, we have just started a new project to develop anti-malaria drugs, which is collaborating with a professor from Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Finally, I hope to stay healthy. My father lived a long life, he died at the age of 101, and my grandfather died at 95, so I'm confident to live a long and healthy life, ha-ha.
A:首先,我的第一个愿望是将目前研发的药物推向临床研究;第二个,我们刚开始了一个研发抗疟疾药物的新项目,这个项目正在同北京中药研究所的一位教授合作,希望进展顺利;最后,我希望保持身体健康。我的父亲很长寿,他享年101岁;我的祖父享年95,所以我对健康长寿的愿望充满信心,哈哈。

广东工业大学轻工化工学院刘艳教授对本文编校亦有贡献

(本文刊登于《科技与金融》杂志2020年4月刊,如需转载,请注明来源:科技与金融杂志。否则,将追究相关责任。)

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